Magneto Network Upgrade Achieves Berlin Equivalence

Ethereum Classic activated the Magneto network upgrade at block 13,189,133 on July 23, 2021, achieving Berlin EVM equivalence. Magneto was specified in ECIP-1103.

## Included EIPs

- **EIP-2565 — ModExp Gas Cost**: Repriced the MODEXP precompile to reflect actual computational cost. Small inputs were previously overpriced; large inputs were underpriced. This made RSA signature verification and other cryptographic operations more affordable and accurately metered.
- **EIP-2718 — Typed Transaction Envelope**: Introduced a transaction format where the first byte indicates the type. Type 0 = legacy transactions (unchanged). Type 1 = access list transactions (EIP-2930). This framework enables future transaction type extensions without breaking backward compatibility.
- **EIP-2929 — Gas Cost Increases for State Access Opcodes**: Introduced the cold/warm access model. First access to an address or storage slot (cold) costs more; subsequent accesses in the same transaction (warm) cost less. SLOAD: 2,100 cold / 100 warm. CALL, BALANCE, EXT*: 2,600 cold / 100 warm. More accurately reflects I/O cost and mitigates state-access DoS vectors.
- **EIP-2930 — Optional Access Lists (Type 1 Transactions)**: Transactions can declare upfront which addresses and storage slots they will access. Pre-declared slots receive the warm access price, providing gas savings for cross-contract calls with known state patterns.

## Client Requirements

- Core-Geth v1.12.1 or later
- Hyperledger Besu with ETC Magneto support